We have already featured a run down of the
Nobel prize for Chemistry and the
Nobel
Prize for Physics, now we complete the scientific triptych with a
listing of the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology.
2010 Robert G. Edwards, who battled societal and establishment resistance to his development of the in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedure, which has so far led to the birth of around 4 million people.
2009 Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak for the discovery of "how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"
2008 Harald zur Hausen for human papilloma viruses as causative agent in cervical cancer and Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier for the discovery of human immunodeficiency virus
2007 Mario R. Capecchi and Oliver Smithies and Martin J. Evans - for gene targeting in mice
2006 Andrew
Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello - for RNA interference, gene
silencing by double-stranded RNA
2005 Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren - Helicobacter pylori and its role in ulcers and gastritis
2004
Richard Axel, Linda B. Buck - sense of smell
2003
Paul C. Lauterbur, Sir Peter Mansfield - magnetic resonance imaging
2002
Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz, John E. Sulston - organ development
and programmed cell death
2001
Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt, Sir Paul Nurse - cell cycle regulators
2000
Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, Eric R. Kandel - signal transduction in
the nervous system
1999
Günter Blobel - protein signals
1998
Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad - nitric oxide as a
neurotransmitter
1997
Stanley B. Prusiner - prions
1996
Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel - cell mediated immune defence
1995
Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Eric F. Wieschaus -
genetic control of embryonic development
1994
Alfred G. Gilman, Martin Rodbell - G proteins and signal transduction
1993
Richard J. Roberts, Phillip A. Sharp - split genes
1992
Edmond H. Fischer, Edwin G. Krebs - reversible protein phosphorylation
1991
Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann - single ion channels in cells
1990
Joseph E. Murray, E. Donnall Thomas - organ and cell transplantation
1989
J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus
1988
Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings
1987
Susumu Tonegawa
1986
Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini
1985
Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein
1984
Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler, César Milstein
1983
Barbara McClintock
1982
Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson, John R. Vane
1981
Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel, Torsten N. Wiesel
1980
Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset, George D. Snell
1979
Allan M. Cormack, Godfrey N. Hounsfield
1978
Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith
1977
Roger Guillemin, Andrew V. Schally, Rosalyn Yalow
1976
Baruch S. Blumberg, D. Carleton Gajdusek
1975
David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard M. Temin
1974
Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, George E. Palade
1973
Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen
1972
Gerald M. Edelman, Rodney R. Porter
1971
Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
1970
Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler, Julius Axelrod
1969
Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey, Salvador E. Luria
1968
Robert W. Holley, H. Gobind Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg
1967
Ragnar Granit, Haldan K. Hartline, George Wald
1966
Peyton Rous, Charles B. Huggins
1965
François Jacob, André Lwoff, Jacques Monod
1964
Konrad Bloch, Feodor Lynen
1963
Sir John Eccles, Alan L. Hodgkin, Andrew F. Huxley
1962
Francis Crick, James Watson, Maurice Wilkins
1961
Georg von Békésy
1960
Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Peter Medawar
1959
Severo Ochoa, Arthur Kornberg
1958
George Beadle, Edward Tatum, Joshua Lederberg
1957
Daniel Bovet
1956
André F. Cournand, Werner Forssmann, Dickinson W. Richards
1955
Hugo Theorell
1954
John F. Enders, Thomas H. Weller, Frederick C. Robbins
1953
Hans Krebs, Fritz Lipmann
1952
Selman A. Waksman
1951
Max Theiler
1950
Edward C. Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein, Philip S. Hench
1949
Walter Hess, Egas Moniz
1948
Paul Müller
1947
Carl Cori, Gerty Cori, Bernardo Houssay
1946
Hermann J. Muller
1945
Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst B. Chain, Sir Howard Florey
1944
Joseph Erlanger, Herbert S. Gasser
1943
Henrik Dam, Edward A. Doisy
1939
Gerhard Domagk
1938
Corneille Heymans
1937
Albert Szent-Györgyi
1936
Sir Henry Dale, Otto Loewi
1935
Hans Spemann
1934
George H. Whipple, George R. Minot, William P. Murphy
1933
Thomas H. Morgan
1932
Sir Charles Sherrington, Edgar Adrian
1931
Otto Warburg
1930
Karl Landsteiner
1929
Christiaan Eijkman, Sir Frederick Hopkins
1928
Charles Nicolle
1927
Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1926
Johannes Fibiger
1924
Willem Einthoven
1923
Frederick G. Banting, John Macleod
1922
Archibald V. Hill, Otto Meyerhof
1920
August Krogh
1919
Jules Bordet
1914
Robert Bárány
1913
Charles Richet
1912
Alexis Carrel
1911
Allvar Gullstrand
1910
Albrecht Kossel
1909
Theodor Kocher
1908
Ilya Mechnikov, Paul Ehrlich
1907
Alphonse Laveran
1906
Camillo Golgi, Santiago Ramón y Cajal
1905
Robert Koch -
1904
Ivan Pavlov - digestion
1903
Niels Ryberg Finsen - lupus
1902
Ronald Ross - malaria
1901
Emil von Behring - serum therapy against diptheria and other diseases
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