Smells like Godzilla

I once interviewed renowned odor theorist Luca Turin who described one particular group of chemicals as being the “the Godzilla of smells”. He added that “You can’t believe how awful they smell…They make you vomit your guts out instantly.” Thankfully, I never came across them when I worked in a lab, but I’m sure he’s right.

Of course, the reason that I never happened upon these compounds during my lab days is that they have such an offensive odor that mosts chemists side-step them when designing their syntheses. That’s a shame though because they have several distinct benefits missing from the properties list of other ingredients.

Now, Michael Pirrung and Subir Ghorai, of the University of California at Riverside have found a way to make a new family of isonitriles. Their approach uses low-risk starting materials and they work well in the kinds of chemical synthesis reactions in which existing compounds are not quite so good. But, more to the point, these isonitriles don’t make you vomit. Instead, that have rather pleasant odors of soy, malt, natural rubber, mild cherry and even caramel, according to the team.

A bad smell is usually an indication that something won’t be too good to eat though. A mild cherry and caramel reaction sounds almost tasty, but I would seriously not recommend making it a lab-time snack.

More on isonitriles in the latest issue of JACS.

Cheating agents

Sciencebase visitors commonly search the site for specific chemicals they’re interested in. Of course, I’d always recommend hoping over to Chemspy.com for structures, MSDS and other information. You can search PubChem, ChemFinder, ChemRefer, ChemIndustry and several other chem sites via the ChemSpy toolbox (bottom right, homepage, enter your keywords and click the database of choice)

Anyway, yesterday someone was looking for 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine, so I did a quick search myself to see where the interest in this compound lay. Lots of search results came back, but one in particular caught my eye, this claw-like molecule is apparently a “cheating agent”, at least according to a patent that came up on an esp@cenet search. Now, unless the compound in question has gained some novel yet devious physiological properties, I’d have to assume they missed the “l” and that it’s actually a chelating agent that can grab on to metal ions with more than one of its own items with a claw-like grip, in fact. I could be wrong…

Why Does Natural Selection Take So Long

In an item on The Register about why natural selection takes so long to get results, Dr Stephen Juan, an anthropologist at the University of Sydney makes several statements that seem to me to be at odds with evolutionary theory.

“Most mutations do not help the species survive.”

This is true in one sense, but natural selection doesn’t act on species, all it does is remove individuals from the gene pool that are no longer best adapted for a particular environment. If a mutation in an individual’s DNA mean it is better adapted to a changing environment then it will pass the “new” gene(s) on to its offspring who will then have the trait and the viability in that environment to reproduce and so on.

“A species and an environment exist in balance with each other.”

Do they? Perhaps, but only in the sense that should either one change radically then we will no longer observe a balance. Moreover, several mutations over several generations that allow individuals to cope with a changing environment leads to species diversity.

“Populations simply adapt to their current surroundings and to changes in those surroundings.”

No they don’t. Individuals either survive the new surroundings and pass on their genes to their offspring or they don’t. Usually, only those best adapted to new environmental conditions survive to do so. Populations may display synergetic effects between individuals but this is not the same as a population adapting.

“They do not necessarily become better in any absolute sense over time.”

There is no such thing as “better” or “worse” evolutionarily speaking. An individual either survives and passes on its genes or it does not. If those genes endow the offspring with the ability to survive and pass the genes on again then the genes survive. If they don’t they are lost. Evolution is littered with dead-ends but every single living thing on the planet has ancestors that were capable of reproducing.

Random search beats algorithms

Search EnginesSearch engines spend huge amounts of money fine-tuning their search algorithms, but a report in the journal Complexus suggests that they might be wasting their time. Lörincz and colleagues argue that random results provide just as many positive hits on a given subject as even the sharpest algorithm available. You can read my interpretation of their findings in this article on search engines.

Reposted with link correction.

Giant planet makes metallic water

Can planetary giants make metallic water? That’s a question answered theoretically by US scientists in this week’s Alchemist, we also learn why mussels are not as happy as clams thanks to Prozac, what makes organic semiconductors light up and the possibility of powering your mp3 player with your beach umbrella. Also in this week’s news distillate, uranium-munching bacteria have the mettle to construct nanoscopic platinum particles. Finally, digestion on a grand scale could be releasing five times as much methane into the atmosphere above Siberian lakes.

The latest chemistry news from ChemWeb.

Extra virgin solvents

Olive OilExtracting oil from olives requires solvents and residues of halogenated solvent can sometimes leave a toxic taint in the product. European Union rules restricted the acceptable levels of these residues for the sake of public health but new sensitive and precise analytical procedures are needed to allow strict quality control and regulatory testing to be carried out.

Now, Spanish researchers have turned to chemical informatics to help them optimise the extraction-analysis process. Bromoform, chloroform, ethylene dichloride, trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, dibromochloromethane, and bromodichloromethane are all employed to extract crude olive-pomace oils from the solid residue obtained in the pressing of olive oils. The EU limits the residues of these solvents to 0.1 milligram per kilogram for individual compounds and double than that for total content. “These solvents have a great negative influence on both the quality of oils and human health,” José Luis Gómez-Ariza of Huelva University told SpectroscopyNOW, “They are all considered to be possible carcinogens and, therefore, human exposure to such compounds should be minimized.”

Making light of spectroscopy

A radically different approach to detecting the way atoms resonate in a magnetic field could improve the sensitivity of NMR spectroscopy, according to US scientists.

Conventional liquid and solid relies on detecting the net dipolar magnetic field outside a spin-polarised sample, explain Michael Romalis and colleagues at Princeton University, New Jersey. However, this only offers the NMR spectroscopist limited structural and spatial information. As such NMR has been extended with elaborate techniques involving magnetic field gradients and spin correlations. Using a laser beam, which is by definition a polarised light source has provided a new avenue of research – optical NMR. However, until now, this has been limited to quantum dots and other specialists materials. Romalis and his colleagues hoped to extend optical NMR to a much wider field of research.

Find out more in the latest news round-up on spectroscopynow.com

Spanish heavy metal

Spanish scientists have used some tricky mathematics to help them work out where heavy metal comes from. Their findings, based on atomic analysis, will provide information useful in protecting us from these toxic elements.

Contamination of soils with heavy metal contaminants has become and increasingly important environmental issue, particularly in developed countries because of shifting land-use patterns. Such contaminants readily leach into water systems or are assimilated by certain crops with putatively detrimental effects on wildlife, livestock and human health. Understanding the role of soil type, organic content, clays and salts, such as carbonates, is essential to characterising the risks and developing a soil protection policy. Indeed, the European Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection requires the characterization of the content and source of heavy metals in soils so that quality standards can be established.

Read on…

Logical chemistry

logical chemistryIt has been thirteen years since Prasanna “AP” de Silva and his colleagues at Queen’s University Belfast published their first paper in the international science journal Nature, outlining how they hoped to convert small molecules into the kind of logical units that could carry out computations. In the September issue of Reactive Reports, we explain how this work has now led to the first practical application of logical chemistry and provided combinatorial chemists with a way to add a unique tag to potentially millions of molecules in parallel.

Combichem uses a set of chemical building blocks to synthesize a vast library of new molecules by building them up in all possible combinations of the building blocks. But, tagging each molecule has always been a stalling point. De Silva’s work could release the bottleneck. Read all about logical molecular tags in the new issue of RR.

Also, in this month’s issue, Peter Loew is featured . Peter is managing director of chemoinformatics software company InfoChem. There have been a lot of changes in the IT world since InfoChem was formed in 1989 and Loew revealed how these changes have evolved the company: Read the full interview.