My butterflies of 2025

Butterflying was slow to start this year. Usually expect to see some of the emerging hibernators and over-winterers in later February. However, my first UK butterfly of the year wasn’t until 5th March, a Brimstone. My first Orange Tip last year was 17th March, and apparently it was the first UK record for 2024. I will update this article as the year progresses and the butterflies appear. 27 species as of 11th June.

Small Skipper – 12th June – Rampton Wood???
White-letter Hairstreak – 10th June – Rampton Wood
Purple Hairstreak – 10th June – Rampton Wood
Marbled White – 10th June – Les King Wood
Large Skipper – 4th June -RSPB Earith
Meadow Brown – 4th June – RSPB Earith
Black Hairstreak – 2nd June – Brampton Wood
Ringlet – 1st June – Les King Wood
Painted Lady (possibly) – 14th May – RSPB Minsmere
Small Blue – 13th May – Magog Down
Small Copper  – 12th May – Devil’s Dyke
Dingy Skipper  – 12th May – Devil’s Dyke
Brown Argus  – 12th May – Devil’s Dyke
Adonis Blue  – 12th May – Devil’s Dyke
Small Heath – 29th April – Layby near Over Windmill
Common Blue – 29th April – Guided Busway near Over Windmill
Green Hairstreak – 26th April – Church Lane, Cottenham
Holly Blue – 8th April – RSPB Lakenheath
Speckled Wood – 6th April – Les King Wood, Cottenham
Orange Tip (male) – 3rd April – Cherry Hinton Chalk Pits
Green-veined White – 1st April – Les King Wood, Cottenham
Small White – 31st March – Allotment, Cottenham
Large White – 31st March – Allotment, Cottenham
Small Tortoiseshell – 9th March – RSPB Ouse Washes, Manea
Peacock – 9th March – RSPB Ouse Washes, Manea
Comma – 8th March – Lamb’s Land, Cottenham
Brimstone – 5th March – Lamb’s Lane, Cottenham

brimstone butterfly 768px
Brimstone

comma butterfly underwing
Comma

European Peacock
European Peacock

Small Tortoiseshell
Small Tortoiseshell
Green Hairstreak butterfly
My first Green Hairstreak of 2025

Footnote

We were in Tenerife in early February, we saw several butterfly species: Monarch, Canarian Cleopatra (F), Small Tortoiseshell, Large White, Red Admiral.

Post started 10th Mar, dateshifted to bring closer to top of blog on 25th May

Female Black-tailed Skimmer dragonfly

Female Black-tailed Skimmer, Orthetrum cancellatum at RSPB Ouse Fen (Earith) in early June. One of the lucky ones that emerged after the dozens of hunting Hobbies had been flying over this nature reserve just a couple of weeks earlier, and so wasn’t cancellatum’ed at all.

Focus-stacked image of the dragonfly and two subsequent tight crops to zoom in on the compound eyes:

Female Black-tailed Skimmer dragonfly
Female Black-tailed Skimmer dragonfly
Closer to female Black-tailed Skimmer dragonfly
Closer to female Black-tailed Skimmer dragonfly
Closer still to female Black-tailed Skimmer dragonfly showing detail in compound eyes
Closer still to female Black-tailed Skimmer dragonfly showing detail in compound eyes

More moth matters

A few recent arrivals to the lemp.

Schoenobius gigantella
Schoenobius gigantella

The lovely little creature above turned up in the garden on 1st June. It goes by the name of Schoenobius gigantella. That’s quite a mouthful for a small moth. It loosely translates as Giant Reed Dweller, but its “proper” common name is the Giant Water-veneer.

It is a lot bigger than its Crambid cousin, the Water Veneer (Acentria ephemerella) with a wingspan of 25-46mm compared to the latter’s 11-13mm S. gigantella is usually found in coastal reedbeds, but I’ve got a garden wildlife pond, so this one was presumably on holiday. This one seemed quite big while it was flying around the garden, but I didn’t measure it, so not sure if it’s as big as a female (up to 46mm) or the smaller male (about 25mm wingspan).

Red-belted Clearwing
Red-belted Clearwing
This one was not drawn to the UV, it’s a day-flying moth drawn to a pheromone lure. I’ve not yet had Large Red-belted Clearwing in the garden, the pheromone lure for it known as CUL, brings in quite a few Red-belted Clearwing though, pictured above, and once they start to appear, I put the CUL back on ice until the next year. The HOR lure is hanging out at the moment in the hope of seeing Hornet Moth, another wasp/hornet mimic.

 

Barred Fruit-tree Tortrix
Barred Fruit-tree Tortrix

The above moth is the Barred Fruit-tree Tortrix.

Wings marked with a bar – tick.

Larvae eat fruit trees – tick.

Tortrix – huh?

Well, these moths are also known as leaf-rollers for the larval habit of wrapping themselves in a leaf for protection. Tortrix comes from the Latin verb meaning to twist; as does torque, the twisting force. The “ix” ending feminises the word, so it could be loosely translated as “she who twists”.

Toadflax Brocade
Toadflax Brocade

I see several Toadflax Brocade moths each summer, presumably because I encouraged Purple Toadflax to grow wild in the garden. First of the year was 29 May. Quite beautifully marked for a little owlet. First time I saw the species was a caterpillar crawling up our green waste wheelie bin, must have been the year before I first saw the adult moth.

Sandy Carpet
Sandy Carpet

This is a Sandy Carpet. First time I’ve recorded one in seven years of mothing. There are lots of carpet moths, named because back in the day, carpets were beautifully pattered luxury items and the early entomologists wanted to honour these types of moth. They don’t eat carpets. Indeed, of the 2500+ moth species in the UK, just 2 or 3 have larvae that can digest natural fibres like wool or cotton.

Italian Bark Moth
Italian Bark Moth

I mentioned the Italian Bark Moth in an item about scientific nomenclature, but it’s such a lovely micro moth that it deserved an encore.

Above, a Broad-barred White almost disappears if you squint really hard looking at it resting on a lichen-covered log. Its scientific name is Hecatera bicolorata, the species part of which is almost as obvious in origin as its common name, simply meaning two-coloured. The genus name Hecatera, presumably comes from a Greek god associarted with night, the moon, and magic, Hecate.

Middle-barred Minor, Oligia fasciuncula, is one of the smallest of the noctuid (owlet) moths. It’s a macro moth but at about 10mm long is smaller than many micro moths, just reinforcing the notion that size isn’t everything when it comes to macro vs micro lepidoptera. It’s all about evolutionary history rather than size, the micro moths being further down the family tree and so more ancient.

White Ermine moth playing dead exposing its spotted belly
White Ermine moth playing dead exposing its spotted belly

Lots of moths, and indeed other animals, will play dead if disturbed, hoping that a predator will ignore them as detritus rather than dinner. This White Ermine rolled on to its back, revealing its plushy-like spotted belly. Does anyone make moth soft toys? They should! White Ermine on its back, playing dead. It flipped over and flew away seconds after the photoshoot, Spilosoma lubricipeda. The genus name Spilosoma translates as spotted body and the species name lubricipeda means slippy foot. Nice.

Titchwell Turtle

One of the most evocative sounds of summer has to be the call of the Turtle Dove, perhaps along with the various warblers and the Cuckoo, all summer visitors that spend our winter in Africa. The warblers have a variety of songs and calls from the mildly melodic song of the Blackcap to the scratchy improvisations of the Whitethroat and everything in between; it takes time to get to know them and separate your Garden from your Sedge etc. The onomatopoeic Cuckoo of course cannot be mistaken for anything else (well, maybe the collared dove if you’re being careless).

One of two Turtle Doves feeding silently at RSPB Titchwell
One of two Turtle Doves feeding silently at RSPB Titchwell

The Turtle Dove’s coo, on the other hand, is distinctive, subtle, and soothing, at least to my ear. Actually, the sound it makes is less coo and more like the avian equivalent of a cat’s purr. And, that notion gives us a clue as to the bird’s name. Rather than being anything to do with turtles. The word turtle in this sense is onomatopoeic and alludes to the bird’s purring, or turring, sound. The Romans called it a Turtur, hence the species part of its scientific name, Streptopelia turtur, because that’s how it sounds. The genus name comes from streptos meaning “collar” and peleia meaning “dove”.

There were a couple of Turtle Doves feeding silently in an out-of-bounds area of RSPB Titchwell on my last visit. Photographed from the gate through a lot of heathaze.

Scientific nomenclature

When discussing wildlife (flora and fauna) the common, or vernacular, name will usually suffice, but not always. Sometimes they can bring ambiguity or confusion. If someone mentions the lychnis are they talking about the flowering plants also known as rose campion or any number of other related plant species or the moth that feeds on those plants? Knowing would likely depend on context.

Italian Bark Moth, Metalampra italica (Baldizzone, 1977)
Italian Bark Moth, Metalampra italica (Baldizzone, 1977)

Despite some people’s fear of the scientific, or “Latin”, names for the flora and fauna, they are generally unambiguous without the need for context. The Lychnis moth is Hadena bicruris, the garden plant known generically as lychnis, but perhaps more formally as Rose Campion, is Lychnis coronaria.

Confusion about lots of other species can be avoided by using the scientific binomials. If we’re talking about longhorns, are we talking beetles, moths or indeed cattle? The scientific names would remove any confusion. Scientific names do occasionally change as happened with the scientific name of the Emperor moth as long-time readers will recall. But, generally they’re not at the whim of usage and abusage. The Gypsy Moth now known as the Spongy Moth in the USA remains Lymantria dispar among lepidopterists. For more discussion on whether we need vernacular names at all, when it comes to the micro moths, have a look at my article from 28th May 2025.

This system of scientific names, which should always be italicised in print or on the web, was made formal by Swedish biologist and physician Carl Linnaeus in the 18th Century. Many people will be familiar with the format from childhood dinosaur books discussing the likes of Tyrannosaurus rex. Tyrannosaurus is the genus, and rex is the species. It can be abbreviated after first mention as T. rex. So, with the Gypsy/Spongy moth, the genus is Lymantria and the species is dispar. Nobody is scared of the name of the Terrible Lizard King, but not remember that that’s what T. rex means.

Occasionally, we see double names like Buteo buteo, which I have also mentioned before. These are tautonyms and represent the species type of the genus. The archetypal species, if you will. In this case Buteo buteo is the Common Buzzard and it is the archetypal buzzard. Hence its tautonym. A wonderful example of a trinomial is the scientific name of the Western Lowland Gorilla, it’s Gorilla gorilla gorilla. The genus is Gorilla is, the second gorilla is the species, and the third gorilla is the sub-species.

Now, there is another aspect of scientific binomials, which I’ve so far ignored and generally don’t use except in my official records of moths and birds and that is the name associated with a species classification and the year that was done. In a scientific context, we generally see the Gypsy Moth cited as: Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus, 1758).

In this instance, Linnaeus himself was the first to make its name official, and so his name is forever associated with this species. There are dozens of other naturalists who in the 18th and 19th centuries worked as contemporaries of Linnaeus or followed in his footsteps and so we see: Fuessly (1775), Knoch (1782), Esper (1777), Poda (1761), and many others. They become familiar names to anyone recording or writing about flora and fauna.

Of course, natural science did not end with this prolific period of species naming and classification and we have lots of species with modern naturalist names and dates. Indeed, as many species go extinct, so new species are still being discovered each year whether among moths and beetles, birds and mammals, the plants, the fungi and so on.

A moth appeared in the garden last night, drawn to the UV lamp (explained here), which I’d not seen before. Its common name is the Italian Bark Moth, but it is known formally as Metalampra italica (Baldizzone, 1977). A twentieth century discovery by Baldizzone, as you can see. The species was not recorded in Britain until 2003, in Devon, when it is presumed to have been accidentally introduced. Now, it is present across England and Wales and is an established breeding resident.

If you’re using ObsIdentify, Google Lens or some other app to help you with your nature IDs, it’s worth enabling the scientific names if that’s an option not only to avoid ambiguity, but also to give you an historical insight into the species you’re watching.

 

Birding trip to Titchwell with Al

Not AI, Al…

Moths sorted at 5am, then breakfast, a bit of work, and a nice drive, with a 7-8 Crane flyover, then up to RSPB Titchwell, we got there before it “opened”. We saw Spotted Flycatcher, Spoffle, within minutes of getting out of the car. Other highlights included my first Little Tern, a couple of Spoonbills, loads of Avocet, and some feeding Turtle Doves. Lots of flypasts from Marsh Harriers and some Hobbies.

Spotted Flycatcher on a branch in dappled sunlight looking at the camera
Spotted Flycatcher affectionately known as a Spotfly or a Spoffle
Record shot of the Little Tern
Record shot of the Little Tern, definitely a much smaller bird than the Common Terns that were on the reserve, yellow bill can just be discerned
Shot of a Little Tern diving back in 2019
Shot of a Little Tern diving, North Norfolk, July 2019
Spoonbill chase
A couple of argumentative Spoonbill was showing well at Titchwell. It’s likely that this species will establish and breed at the east end of the reserve soon. There are at least 20-30 seen there and the footpath is closed, presumably for this reason

For those who like lists:

  1. Arctic Tern
  2. Avocet
  3. Barn Owl (crossed road on our way home)
  4. Bittern
  5. Black-headed Gull
  6. Black-tailed Godwit
  7. Blackbird
  8. Blackcap
  9. Blue Tit
  10. Brent Goose
  11. Buzzard
  12. Chaffinch
  13. Cetti’s Warbler
  14. Chiffchaff
  15. Collared Dove
  16. Common Tern
  17. Coot
  18. Cormorant
  19. Crane (7-8x airborne en route)
  20. Gadwall
  21. Goldfinch
  22. Grey Heron
  23. Greylag Goose
  24. Herring Gull
  25. Hobby
  26. House Martin
  27. Jackdaw
  28. Jay
  29. Kestrel
  30. Lapwing
  31. Lesser Black-backed Gull
  32. Linnet
  33. Little Egret
  34. Little Grebe
  35. Little Ringed Plover
  36. Little Tern (NFM)
  37. Long-tailed Tit
  38. Magpie
  39. Mallard
  40. Marsh Harrier
  41. Meadow Pipit
  42. Moorhen
  43. Mute Swan
  44. Oystercatcher
  45. Pied Wagtail
  46. Red Kite
  47. Redshank
  48. Reed Bunting
  49. Reed Warbler
  50. Robin
  51. Rook
  52. Sedge Warbler
  53. Shelduck
  54. Song Thrush
  55. Spoonbill
  56. Spotted Flycatcher
  57. Starling
  58. Swallow
  59. Tufted Duck
  60. Turtle Dove
  61. Whitethroat
  62. Wood Pigeon
  63. Wren

The Tale of Timothy Tortrix

Once upon a time, in a silken patch of meadow just beyond Bramble Shoot Wood, there lived a modest little moth called Timothy Tortrix. He was not a particularly dashing sort of moth. His wings were soft and brown, and he had none of the kidney spots and stripes and eyes of other more glamorous moths, none of the glitter nor grandeur of the Burnished Brass, although he did have a gold flush to his head. He made his home among the bent grasses and curled leaves of a sun-warmed nettle bed, and he was, it has to be said, quite content to be overlooked.

Timothy kept most unusual hours, even for a moth. While others danced at dusk, Timothy preferred to wait until proper moonlight, when the air smelled of honeysuckle and the hedgehogs were stirring. He was quiet, thoughtful, and liked to read the wind like others read tea leaves.

One summer evening, as the meadow filled with the sounds of crickets and the scent of sweet-cicely, a cluster of young moths gathered near the old stone cottage by the lane.

Among them was the elegant Miss Albinia Floss, a most splendid White Ermine Moth, clad in white, with spots as black as peppercorns. She fluttered her wings with much self-importance and spoke rather loudly of a grand adventure.

“Tonight,” she trilled, “we fly to the candlelight!”

There was a general frassy fluttering and fuss. All the moths had heard of Mrs. Lintel’s window, where a warm yellow glow spilled out on to the night like treacle. The candle inside flickered and trembled, and it was said to pull moths as surely as strawberry jam, and indeed, treacle, draws wasps.

Timothy, who was resting beneath a curled dock leaf, listened closely.

“They say it’s dangerous,” said a timid Barred Straw.

“Oh pish,” said Miss Floss, “only for the clumsy!”

Timothy had never dared to approach the cottage. He had heard stories—whispered among cobwebs and spiderlings, of moths who had flown too close and scorched their wings, or worse, vanished altogether.

Just then, there was a leathery flutter and a chuckling voice overhead.

“Ah, candlelight, is it?” said Barnaby Bat, swooping down from the darkness with a flap and a grin. He hung from a low branch, watching the moths with dark, beady eyes. “A lovely thing, light. Bright. Bold. Tempting…”

Timothy had never quite trusted Barnaby. He was always too cheerful by half, and he never quite blinked. And, there was that sound…

“Go on,” said Barnaby silkily. “Spread your wings! A little light never hurt anyone.”

But from the brambles behind the cottage, a voice grumbled, “Nonsense and nonsense!”

It was Mr. Brambleback, a snuffly old hedgehog with a taste for goosegrass tea, juicy earthworms, and more than a standard dose of common sense.

“Moths have no business at windows,” he muttered, peering over his spectacles. “Candlelight draws more than wings, it draws trouble.”

The moths did not listen. They seldom did. But Timothy hesitated.

That night, when the moon was high and the owls were abroad, Timothy hovered on the edge of the orchard path. He could see the golden light from Mrs. Lintel’s cottage, flickering like a promise. Moths were already flitting about the open pane, tiny shadows against the dancing curtain.

He flew, slowly, shyly, towards it.

But so did Barnaby, higher, darker, circling like a dark cloud above them.

Miss Floss twirled too close to the flame. Her white wings caught the heat, and with a sharp hiss she tumbled backwards, trailing the scent of singed silk.

“Oh dear!” she gasped, spiralling toward the herb pots.

Timothy, though frightened, darted after her. He flew too close, far too close, and felt a flare of heat brush his left forewing. It curled slightly, but he did not stop. He reached Miss Floss just as she landed, trembling, on the rim of a thyme pot.

He tugged her gently under the trailing marjoram.

“Shh!” he whispered. “Stay still.”

Above, Barnaby circled again, slower now, echoing the air.

“There’s a sound of supper,” the bat murmured to himself.

Timothy held his breath. He did not move. Not until the flapping passed on and the shadows thinned.

Timothy nibbled a drop of dew from a nasturtium leaf and coaxed it gently on to Miss Floss’s wing. He chewed a bit of mint and pressed it like a poultice.

“You’ll be alright,” he said softly. “Just a little scorch.”

Miss Floss blinked at him with damp eyes. “You came back for me,” she whispered. “You’re not very grand, but you’re very good.”

Timothy did not reply. He simply folded his wings and waited until the night grew quiet again.

By the time dawn crept over the meadow, Timothy and Miss Floss had returned to the hedgerow, their wings tattered but their hearts full.

Mr. Brambleback gave a huff and muttered something about “young fools and false lights,” but he wrapped Miss Floss’s wing in a comfrey bandage all the same.

As for Barnaby Bat, he was not seen for several nights—though an owl was heard to remark that he had gone north, looking for livelier prey.

And Timothy?

He did not fly so high any more, but he became something of a storyteller.

On still nights, when the moon was sharp and silver and the wind hummed like harp-strings, the moths would gather by Mr. Brambleback’s lantern to hear Timothy tell the tale of the Candlelight and the Rescue.

He never spoke of his singed wing. He only said:

“Some lights shine too brightly to last. But there are other lights, quiet lights, that glow just as warm.”

And the moths nodded, and fluttered their wings.

Fly not too fast towards a flame,
Though golden glows may call your name.
The brightest light may burn the wing,
And science end your fluttering

The stars are slow and softly spun,
They do not scorch, they do not run.
So let the wind and moon be your guide,
And keep to hedgerows, safe and wide.

For brave is not the boldest flight,
But choosing truth instead of the bright.
And those who glow with quiet grace,
Will always find a safer place

What’s in a name?

The vernacular naming of micro-moths in the UK has gone through a relatively recent but fascinating evolution, especially when compared to the longer-established common names of macro-moths and butterflies. It’s quite controversial.

I’ve talked about the names of moths a lot here, as regular readers will know. It was the weird and wonderful moth names that first got me interested when a friend ran a trap and showed me Burnished Brass, Privet Hawk-moth, Ruby Tiger, Angle Shades, Dark Dagger, Small Magpie, Diamondback Moth, The Shark, Buff-tip, The Vapourer, Small Elephant Hawk-moth, Light Brown Apple Moth etc. The moths themselves were weird and wonderful, but the names were on another plain.

Lots of lepidopterists amateur and professional prefer to use only the scientific binomials, as there is less chance of ambiguity given they rarely change. They work well internationally too. Vernacular names are often considered too fanciful, whimsical, or changeable. However, scientific binomials are often multisyllabic and hard to remember whereas a descriptive vernacular name might be much easier to recall and spell. This has implications for public interest, Garden Grass Veneer, is less of a memory mouthful than Chrysoteuchia culmella for some people. That said, the public has no trouble with Tyrannosaurus rex! There’s really no vernacular name for the Terrible Lizard King, after all.

Until the end of the 20th century, micro-moths in the UK were primarily known by their scientific binomials, often known as the Latin name. Ian Heslop’s 1945 checklist was not widely adopted and was even ridiculed at the time, lepidopterists were very reluctant to accept any vernacular names. Only a few micro species have established common names. These were usually species that were visually distinctive or commonly encountered, such as: Small Magpie (Anania hortulata), the Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella), or those considered to be crop pests like the Light Brown Apple Moth (Epiphyas postvittana).

Most microlepidoptera were referred to solely by scientific names due to their vast diversity (over 1,500 species in the UK) and the broader difficulty in finding them and identifying them. This is especiall the case when compared with the generally larger macros, which may even have historical folk names.

In the 1970s, others took up Heslop’s mantle and made an attempt to assign vernacular (common) names to all British micro-moths. J. D. Bradley [no relation] and D.S. Fletcher in 1979 did this in their checklist of Lepidoptera Recorded from the British Isles (updated by Bradley in 2000).

The pair gave vernacular names to all micro-moths, whether previously named or not. As with Heslop’s work, these names were often invented, sometimes based on appearance or taxonomic hints, but many were somewhat arbitrary. Many of the invented names were not widely adopted or were considered inappropriate, unhelpful, or even confusing.

David Agassiz, Steve Beavan, and John Heckford tried to remedy the situation with their publication: A Checklist of the Lepidoptera of the British Isles (2013), often referred to as ABH 2013, published by the Royal Entomological Society. It was the product of many years work with discussions in the mothing community and with the likes of John Langmaid, its lists were continually updated.

ABH retained, revised, or discarded many of the vernacular names introduced by Bradley. It was said to have greater clarity, consistency, and usefulness because the names were re-evaluated for accuracy, descriptiveness, and potential for common usage. A 2024 edition was published and updates are already being made in 2025. ABH is used by the likes of iRecord and Butterfly Conservation schemes, National Moth Recording Scheme (NMRS), and the UKMoths website, I believe. It seems that the authors are not inclined to make the updated lists available online for recorders and others though.

However, it is the Field Guide to the Micro Moths of Great Britain and Ireland by Sterling, Parsons & Lewington, 2012, which was considered the standard field guide, while it closely aligns with ABH 2013, it was a more accessible publication. The second edition, massively revised and updated, was published at the end of 2023 and is probably the book most moth-ers turn to check their moths and their names. There’s a link to an up-to-date copy of the Sterling checklist as a spreadsheet file here. (Thanks to Harry R for the link.)

All these efforts remain controversial. There are different factions among amateur and academic lepidopterists who prefer one source over another. Yet others that will be debate the value of micro moth vernacular names until the codlings come home. And, yet others who love the scientific binomials and all the weird and wonderful names of all our weird and wonderful moths.

Footnote

This article arose because I posted a link on my BlueSky to what I assumed was the current definitive list of micro moth names (common and vernacular) from Jim Wheeler and it led to quite a lengthy and fascinating discussion among #teamMoth there.

There are plenty of other lists and publications and people involved in all of this. I may update this article, if anyone contacts me furious that I failed to mention their favourite, hahaha.

Hang on a minute…

A friend of mine recently asked why “hangnails” evolved. I explained that they didn’t evolve, they’re just skin damage. Here’s a bit more a formal explanation for anyone interested to pick at.

Thumbs up to no hangnails
Thumbs up to no hangnails, but these hands could do with moisturising!

A hangnail is a small piece of torn skin (not nail) near the edge of a fingernail or toenail, typically caused by: dry skin or dehydration, frequent handwashing or exposure to harsh chemicals, nail-biting or picking at the skin, cold weather, or any combination of those things.

Because our nails evolved for protection and manipulation of objects with fine motor control, the skin around the nails is fairly delicate to allow fine motor control and sensitivity. This makes it fragile, especially at the junctions with our nails. When our skin gets dry or damaged, it can tear easily, creating hangnails.

Hangnails did not evolve, at least not in the sense of being an adaptation or a beneficial trait. They’re simply a byproduct of how our skin and nails grow. Hangnails don’t offer an evolutionary advantage. In fact, they can be harmful, because they can become painfully infected, leading to paronychia. Paronychia is usually due to an acute infection with the common bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, which is usually found on our skin. Gradual, or chronic, occurrence usually results from a microscopic fungal, yeast, infection by Candida albicans.

Bottom line, hangtails did not evolve, they are just a side effect of having complex hands with delicate skin. When that delicate skin is exposed to environmental wear and tear, hangnails are often the collateral damage.

How do you avoid hangnails?

Keep your hands and cuticles moisturised, wear protective gloves when doing the dishwashers or handling abrasive materials or any kind of corrosive chemicals. Avoid alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Eat a healthy balanced diet, get plenty of outdoor exercise, and don’t pick at your fingernails or the surrounding skin!

Wildflowers growing wild in our garden

In May 2025, I noticed a Stinking Iris, Iris foetidissima, also known as gladdon, Gladwin iris, roast-beef plant, or stinking gladwin. It’s usually found in open woodland, hedgebanks and on sea-cliffs, so it’s very nice of it to turn up growing in our back garden.

Stinking Iris, Iris foetidissima
Stinking Iris, Iris foetidissima

I’ve been trying to create “wild” spaces in our garden, front and back, for several years after reinstating the pond as part of a bigger effort to make it more inviting to invertebrates, birds, and other creatures. We don’t have a lot of land, just a couple of hundred square metres of growing space at the back and maybe 150 at the front, at a guess.

The front garden was #NoMowMay for a year or two, but then I saw the light, it’s now #NoMowSummer. After all, there’s little point in allowing plants to grow up through the lawn and attracting invertebrates if you’re then going to kill them all on the first day of June.

Beyond that, I’ve tried Seedballs, with little success, although I do now have lots of Oxeye Daisy, which self seed and so have propagated. But, none of the other promised flowers emerged again, not the Cornflowers nor the Viper’s Bugloss, after the first season. I had Corncockle seed from a friend a while back, which worked in the first season, but harvested seeds didn’t subsequently germinate. The key to growing wildflowers seems to be low-nutrition soil.

We do have lots of red campion, wild mustard plants, wood avens, green alkanet, nettles, dead nettle, self-heal (sometimes), buttercups, dandelion, sorrel, ragwort, common daisy, poppies, wild mint, mallow, foxgloves (at last in 2025), red valerian (great for Hummingbird Hawk-moth), a tiny patch of “butter-and-eggs” (Linaria vulgaris, sometimes known as common, or yellow, toadflax), yarrow, flox, and purple toadflax (L.purpurea). And, a few planted wild herbs (wild oregano, thyme, sage, and St John’s Wort). There are a few other wild species as well as a couple of dozen cultivated plants.

A cherry plum sprang up in the front garden in 2024 and is getting quite tall standing next to our dying mountain ash (rowan). Lots of fennel plants come up through the front lawn and even more common cat’s ear (looks like a lanky dandelion, and is sometimes called false dandelion, it’s great for pollinators).