Science – Page 292 – David Bradley

Phylum Arthropoda

A common search carried out by sciencebase visitors is “Phylum Arthropoda”. Innocent enough, of course, there are bound to be lots of followers of the site interested in insects, arachnids, and crustaceans.

Anyway, the best starting point to get plenty more info on the arthropods is, as usual, Wikipedia. But, if you’re after science lessons on arthropods then check out the K5 science lesson plans page and follow the link to the Columbia Education Center in Portland, Oregon, to get to the specific listings. If you’ve got a particular creature in which you’re interested, please use the sciencebase search box top right, we can’t guarantee that you’ll find what you’re looking for among the sciencebase pages themselves but there are usually other links on the site you can follow to find out more.

Spot the Difference

red spot junior jupiter Like an adolescent unfortunate, Jupiter has got spots and it’s all down to climate change. The latest images from the Hubble space telescope reveal details of the second red spot that formed in the atmosphere of the gas giant.

This dramatic change to the Jovian weather, nicknamed most unimaginitavely, Red Spot Jr., will provide planetary scientists with an unprecedented chance to study the storms and climate of our solar system’s largest planet. RSJ was formed as a white oval between 1998 and 2000 when three white storms merged, but Hubble’s latest snaps reveal that the planet’s climate is changing. When viewed at near-infrared wavelengths (specifically 892 nm – a methane gas absorption band) RSJ is almost as prominent in Jupiter’s cloudy atmosphere as the Great Red Spot. This may mean that the storm rises miles above the top of the main cloud deck on Jupiter just as its larger cousin is thought to do. Some astronomers think the red hue could be produced as the spots dredge up material from deeper in Jupiter’s atmosphere, which is then chemically altered by the Sun’s ultraviolet light.

Properties and Uses of beta-alanine

“What are the properties and uses of beta-alanine?”

beta-Analine is an amino acid formed metabolically from dihydrouracil and carnosine and used as one of the building blocks of proteins. Researchers have demonstrated neuronal uptake and neuronal receptor sensitivity to beta-alanine and so it has been labelled as a false transmitter replacing gamma-aminobutyric acid. As such, it is finding application as a GABA uptake inhibitor in treating a variety of disorders in which tremor is a serious symptom.

Searching, Always Searching

I find it endlessly fascinating the things visitors to the site search for…hopefully, a few sciencebase readers are at leasst vaguely interested too, otherwise these posts are a total waste of time. Anyway, a selection from the almost virginal monthly log for May reveals some nice topics:

wiffle ball science, what is the origin of the asteroid belt, x chromosone recombination, physics problems in movies, x-ray vision fact or fiction (also), obliquity earth.

Maybe some day I’ll write some short items on each of those, but for now you’ll have to settle for the links I found.

One final search query has got me stumped – what in fact is its size in ratio compared to the earth – well, if anyone can tell me to what the “its” is referring I might be able to offer an answer

Lost in Translation

Altavista’s translation service Babelfish, named for the critter in The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, does a superb job of providing very rough translations between dozens of different languages. But, have you ever tried translating an English web page into French, say and then back again?

Martin G at Really Magazine thought that might be fun and contacted Sciencebase with a sample of text from the site that he had two-wayed using a little form he’s created in his blog to demonstrate what a site might “look like” to a non-English speaker using autotranslation (http://www.reallymag.com/2Xlation.htm).

Needless to say the results are not at all pretty, this was from a current item:

“In the visitor the chance which puts out their opinion with voice in order period me is late in small quantity and recently the conference, in order to arrange a new poll that le or comfort in order to manufacture in SciScoop location the hazard was in the mongering disease which covers.”

Basically, Mr G picked up on my announcement of the SciScoop poll on disease mongering. But you cannot really get a sense of that from the 2x translation can you, which might suggest that a non-English speaker viewing the site with 1xtrans switched on really isn’t going to get the best out of SciScoop.

Martin had this to say about the process, “I thought it gave a nice real-world overview of how the engines are coping with (the admittedly very difficult job of) auto-translation.”

Give it a whirl with your favourite blog or site.

Shipping News for Physicists

A real physical force that pulls together two metal surfaces separated by empty space does not tug on ships lying close at anchor, according to physicist Fabrizio Pinto, in today’s [email protected].

The “mysterious” Casimir effect is often illustrated by analogy with two ships floating side by side in a heavy swell and being pulled together, at least that’s how it’s been described in popular science articles. The notion apparently stems from a physics article published in 1996, which describes how an 1836 book, The Album of the Mariner, says ships should not be moored too close together because they will be attracted by a mysterious force.

Pinto is out to stem the tide of pseudoscience, however. He told news@nature that the idea is a simple misunderstanding. The Album of the Mariner says this attraction only happens in calm seas, not a heavy swell, points out Pinto. The only way a Casimir-like effect could be responsible is if the boats were moored in a choppy swell.

So the analogy is false, says Pinto. And there may not be any mysterious force at all pulling two ships together, whatever the conditions. “We have caught physicists in the very act of creating a myth,” he says.

So, what is the Casimir effect? Well, it’s not due to gravity, electrostatic charge, nor magnetism. That’s what it’s not. Essentially, it results from the resonance of the energy fields between the two objects. At least that’s what Wikipedia tells us, but what does it mean? Well it boils down to quantum fluctuations in the vacuum between the plates and for a lucid yet detailed description of how that causes attraction check out this PhysicsWeb article on the subject.

Incidentally, how would anyone navigate two ships in a vacuum to begin with?

Benzene Soft Drinks Redux

One further thought on the benzene soft drinks story following on from sciencebase reader Ross Getman’s comment…

Bob Buntrock (of Louisiana State University) on the CHMINF-L discussion group mentions the recent C+EN article on this issue, (Dispute Over Benzene In Drinks, Bette Hileman, Chemical and Engineering News, 84(17), April 24, 2006).

Buntrock points out that when tests were carried out again in 2005, they revealed a very different picture of benzene levels than before. Apparently, previous tests by the FDA showed that almost four out of five beverages tested, even after “reformulation”, had benzene levels greater than 5 ppb, the US standard for tap water. The latest (preliminary) tests showed no benzene or levels less than 5 ppb.

“Since the first method involved heating samples at 100 Celsius for 30 minutes(!) [His exclamation] and the latest method uses headspace methodology “which does not involve much heat”, guess which method would appear to be more accurate,” says Buntrock. In his opinion, “considerably more decarboxylation of many acids or carboxylates will occur under the previous drastic conditions, which are extremely unlikely to occur under normal usage of soft drinks.”

Jacob Zabicky of Ben Gurion University, Israel, followed up Buntrock’s comment with a remark based on knowledge of the physical properties of benzene. “My gut feeling based on the relative solubility of benzene in water and its volatility from solution at ppb levels,” he said, “is that if there is any ppb level benzene at the start it will go with the fizz.” On the basis of the Henry Constant of benzene in water, Zabicky adds that, “The given value means that for every four molecules dissolved in a given volume of water one molecule of benzene is found in the same volume of headspace in equilibrium.” In other words if the headspace volume is large (i.e. the air above a drinks can as it is opened) compared to the volume of soft drink, then the benzene will be strongly depleted from it.

Disease Mongering

I was a bit tardy covering the recent conference on disease mongering, but to make up for it have posted a new poll on the SciScoop site to give visitors a chance to voice their opinion.

A conference held April 11-13, in Newcastle, Australia, raised some serious questions about the motives of the pharmaceutical industry. The patents on drugs for old-fashioned diseases that were originally making a $1billion a year are almost all expired and new avenues of research under the umbrella of biotech have yet to make the same level of return for other diseases. As such, there is a feeling among some observers that “new” conditions, such as restless legs syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and sexual dysfunction are being hyped by the industry as the serious ills of our time that need new (lucrative) treatments. Is this the case or can we simply not do without the chemical fix of those repeat prescriptions? A collection of freely accessible essays on the subject of disease mongering is available on the PLOS Medicine site.

Visit SciScoop to vote in the poll and help us answer the question – “Are we drug company puppets?”

Bremelanotide MSDS

Readers interested in sexual chemistry will have spotted the recent item on bremelanotide (Sex Gets Up Women’s Noses, April 24, 2006), which is soon to enter Phase III clinical trials for female sexual dysfunction (see also PLoS Medicine on the subject of disease mongering).

Anyway, recent sciencebase visitors have been trying to locate the material data safety sheet (MSDS) for this compound (judging from the recent spate of searches on the site for that term). Anyway, ChemSpy.com has excellent access to several MSDS sources here. If it’s listed anywhere you should be able to find the bremelanotide MSDS there.

A blogger on another site discussing my short bremelanotide article, suggested that the fact this drug is odourless and colourless represented a serious risk in terms of men spiking a woman’s drink, but I wonder…this drug doesn’t knock you out or give you amnesia it just makes you horny, so if Mr B. Nomates can’t score under normal circumstances when any number of potential mates may be horny or not, it won’t seriously boost his chances will it?

Da Vinci de Leonardo

A letter in Physics Today this month discusses the archetypal renaissance man and his impact or otherwise on science, engineering and art…

Who is he?

According to the letter head, some fella by the name of Da Vinci. Perhaps he’s the same guy to whom Dan Brown is referring in his eponymous code book. I assume so. Either way, surely they don’t mean the Italian polymath born in Vinci in 1452 known to his mum as L’il Leonardo. I bet they do you know…