Chemists work evenings, weekends and take no vacation

I hope things have changed a little since the bad old days when professors suggested that members of their research team ought to work all day, every day, including evenings and weekends, public holidays and could only have time off for a vacation if it had been well earned. It’s possible that an original letter reproduced a while  back was actually meant tongue-in-cheek, it’s hard to say but the letter sent to “Guido” lit a fire under the science work ethic debate.

Leaders in their field perhaps have every right to insist that their charges work as hard as they do. Was the letter, which told Guido: “In addition to the usual work-day schedule, I expect all of the members of the group to work evenings and weekends,” entirely serious? We may never know.

Interesting, that the notorious letter should come up again this week, given that once again the risks of working more than 40 hours a week has yet again surfaced in the media. It’s nonsense, of course, the notion of burning the candle at both ends is entirely relative, some people thrive on long hours, working weekends and never take a vacation. Others prefer an easy life, tipping the work-life balance in the opposite direction. But, who achieves the most in terms of life satisfaction?

More to the point, who was Guido? Did he stay in chemistry? Did he do well and does he still avoid working weekends? Well, the recipient of that infamous missive dated 1976 was allegedly none other than Guido Koch, Director in Global Discovery Chemistry Basel at the pharmaceutical giant Novartis. I suspect he worked quite hard to get to that position, whether or not that was down to the allegedly draconian rules on working hours or because he skipped weekends we may never know. Apparently, the letter’s author and Koch are still very much on speaking terms.

Fenland Study follow-up – part 2

TL:DR – In 2012, I took part in a big clinical study on metabolism, weight, body fat, and liver function.


UPDATE: 2012-05-08 Checked my weight again today, down about 5 kg on the weight they recorded in the Fenland Study.

UPDATE: 2012-04-18 It will be two months tomorrow since I took part in the  Fenland Study and got back the worrying metrics on liver enzymes, total cholesterol, body fat percentage etc. Since then, I have cut down on certain liquid refreshments, abandoned salted snacks and chip shop chips (with one lapse in Aldeburgh last week, well you have to, don’t you?). Last readings from GP for cholesterol (down from 6.5 to 5.0) and liver enzymes were pretty much fine and I’ve also shed about 4 kilograms, which isn’t bad and I haven’t had a gym-based workout for at least two weeks having opted for long hikes with the dog on our recent trip to The Cotswolds.

To be frank, I’ve decided that you really don’t need to know my detailed waist-to-hip ratio, my weight, body fat percentage or any of the other details I am now poring over thanks to the good people at the MRC Epidemiology Unit. None of them are particularly bad…none of them are particularly good. I think I’m in the middle of the ranges for almost all the metrics they acquired, although the DEXA data shows that I’m proportionally rather more fat by percentage body mass than I’d hoped to be by the time I reached my mid-forties. My total fasting cholesterol is bit higher than it should be but the ratio of “good” to “bad” cholesterol is very good (my GP showed me I’m well into the green zone for cardiovascular risk. Nevertheless, she still advised me to cut out the saturated fats and eat more fruit and veg though (isn’t that part of the GP’s standard script, anyway?). She also advised me not to worry about the spurious liver test result mentioned in part 1 and simply to cut back on the old chianti a tad (but, that’s also part of the script, isn’t it?).

Meanwhile, with the specific data in hand, I turned to various health risk calculators on the web all of which take as input BMI, weight, cholesterol, blood pressure, body fat and other measurements as input. It’s interesting to see that even if I lost 10kg, cut my total cholesterol in half and reduced my waistline by an inch or two my 10-year risk of having a cardiovascular event would fall by very little. These things are all risk factors, they are not terms of predestination.

One CV risk calculator puts it more graphically (pardon the pun) on the basis of blood pressure, total cholesterol and HDL. It says my current risk is about 8.4%. That means that over the next decade I have an 84 in a 1000 chance of developing cardiovascular disease, with its associated risk of heart attack or a stroke. The risk of actually having such an event or dying in that time are different again (lower thankfully). Nevertheless, by getting my cholesterol level down, losing a bit of weight and reducing my systolic blood pressure reading by about 10 mmHg (which should happen with the weight loss), I could reduce my risk, according to the calculator to about 5%. That is actually a change in odds from about 11:1 to approximately 25:1. Is that a good enough reason to revise my diet and exercise regime when the chips are down? I think so…

Of course, it could be that the total cholesterol was up because of a spot of unusually rich living and partying the week before the Fenland tests. That would also explain the fact that without effort my weight had shifted down within a week of the tests by a couple of kg. That’s my excuse and I’m sticking to it. Similiarly with the liver test. Indeed, given that the other values were all fine it makes me wonder whether I am one of the 9% of people who have a permanently raised reading on that test regardless of alcohol consumption or what meds they are on.

Regardless, I’ve got a follow-up cholesterol test booked with my GP for a couple of weeks time, hopefully that cholesterol risk will be down of its own accord before then (I’ve had a week of vegetarianism and a hepatic sabbatical so far and have not touched any crisps for at least a week). Then, I would have to simply focus on shuffling some of those other percentages. I reckon my normal total cholesterol is probably closer to what it was the last time I had it tested, which was fine and gives me a current risk of closer to 6% than 8% (15:1 risk of CV disease). Nudge it down a little and knock off another 2kg and I could reduce that risk to about 5% about 20:1). Of course, one of the worst things to do is to raise stress hormone levels by worrying about all those kgs, mmol/l and mmHg. I’d take a chill pill if I thought it wouldn’t affect the liver tests…

Fenland Study follow-up – part 1

Regular readers will know that I was recruited via my GP to take part in the Fenland Study. The study is taking a sample of the population born between 1950 and 1975, and carrying out a raft of blood tests, body stature measurements, DEXA body fat and bone density and tests for diabetes, cholesterol, liver and kidney function etc.

I had a callback from my GP to discuss the blood results. Two liver enzymes were slightly raised and my total cholesterol is above what she would like to see (although still in the green zone for my personal risk of cardiovascular disease, thankfully). Of course, I’ve spent the last two days worrying that those enzyme spikes were going to tell me I had something seriously hepatically amiss.

My GP reassured me that none of the medication I take could be to blame but rather generous she suggests that a couple of days of birthday celebrations the week before the blood tests could have raised the enzymes in question: GGT (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase,) and ALT (alanine transaminase). The latter was only marginally raised and she was not concerned with that. The former, is the classic biomarker for alcohol use. I admit there had been some the week before, and in denial mode I suggest that the spike was down to that week’s celebrations and not being a Geordie journalist (two synergistic aspects of my heritage determined to make me keen on the effects of EtOH).

Nevertheless, it’s what they usually refer to as a “wake-up call”. Another good reason to take part in the study if you are given the opportunity – better informed than ignorant when it comes to one’s health.

The spike wasn’t so high as to be a major concern and was certainly not indicative of any liver damage, but it is a spike, nevertheless. My GP reassured me that reducing the weekly intake of said EtOH should be enough to bring the GGT level back into the normal range within a week or two and that there’s no reason I should deny my heritage. The liver, she says, can regenerate itself very well given the opportunity regardless of whether one is a Geordie or a journalist, all that is required is to reduce, or better still, remove the toxins one has a wont to ingest and it can carry out all its marvellous metabolic processes unhindered.

Then there was mention of eating more fruit. Wake-up call or not that’s a suggestion too far for most Geordies and a lot of journalists too…

I should get the other data from the Fenland Study team soon and will outline my metrics in a little detail and the health advice they offer in Part 2.

Planetary landers, caffeine, sulfa drugs and chaperones

The latest issue of my SpectroscopyNOW column is now live. This week:

US researchers are developing the next generation of laser ablation technology, which might one day be used in a future planetary lander to carry out isotopic analysis of a planets surface, for instance, and so allow precise “geological” ages of samples to be determined. The technique, LAMIS, is not yet as sensitive or precise as mass spectrometry but has the advantage of requiring no chemical dissolution, sample preparation, vacuum chambers or laboratory infrastructure, a boon for a planetary lander. - LAMIS.

Spectroscopic information from samples of caffeine-containing drinks has provided researchers in Germany with the necessary data to determine whether a new test beverage contains natural or synthetic caffeine. The technique could let regulators check how well manufacturers of added-caffeine products are adhering to the rules regarding labelling products as “natural” with respect to the drink’s caffeine content. - Caffeinated caffeine.

X-ray diffraction has been used to pin down the mode of action of the sulfa antibiotics, which were first used 70 years ago. The work could provide clues to developing a new generation of antibiotics that would have fewer side effects and could stave off bacterial drug resistance at least temporarily. -  Sulfa drugs.

Researchers in the US have combined nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography to gain new insights into the way in which a member of the histone chaperone family of specialized proteins functions. The resulting three-dimensional structure of the histone chaperone Rtt106 and interactions could have applications under understanding gene silencing and the way DNA responds to damage. - Chaperones.

 

More red meat risk analysis

NHS Choices finally published its critique of the Harvard red meat research that had the tabloids screaming that meat kills earlier this week. I provided some commentary on Sciencebase soon after. Anyway, this is what NHS Choices concludes:

“This study had several strengths including its size, long follow-up period and detailed and repeated assessments of people’s meat intake. It also adjusted the results for other factors that might affect risk of mortality.”

However, the site also points out that the study was based on questionnaires. “…relying on participants to self-report factors, such as their meat intake through questionnaires, introduces the possibility of error, although the questionnaires were validated,” it adds.

One major concern, however, is that the participants in the study were mainly white health professionals, so the results may not be relatable to other populations.

NHS Choices adds that: “This study cannot prove that regular consumption of red meat ‘kills’.” The site points out that despite what vegans and others often claim, “Red meat is a good source of protein and certain nutrients such as iron, some vitamins and zinc.”

On the basis of a suspected increase in bowel cancer risk, the UK’s Department of Health advises adults who eat high levels of red and processed meat to reduce their intake to no more than 70 grams a day. I’d add to that the same kind of guideline they offer for alcohol consumption – moderation and not every day. Steak and ale every day is not going to be good for you…you can just tell, really, can’t you?

Can you see the Man in the Moon?

Moon photo by David BradleyQuite coincidentally, given the moon hour-by-hour video I posted earlier today, a press release just arrived waxing lyrical about gazing up at the night sky and seeing the familiar face of the “Man in the Moon”. The synchronous rotation of the Moon means it takes about the same amount of time to rotate on its axis as it does to orbit once around the Earth, which means the Moon’s “eyes” are always fixed in our direction, in other words the familiar hemisphere is always facing Earth. The “dark” side of the moon is not, as a matter of fact dark, it is frequently exposed to sunlight, it’s just that we don’t see it from Earth. But why was it the “facial” side of the Moon that ended up locked facing the Earth?

Oded Aharonson of the Weizmann Institute of Science, Peter Goldreich of Caltech and Re’em Sari of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem suggest it is not mere coincidence. The face faces us because it is low-lying and covered with craters. By contrast, the far side is predominately mountainous. “Intuitively, we might actually have expected the far side to be facing us as the high mountains, as opposed to the low craters, would have brought the Moon closer to Earth, putting the system in a lower energy state,” says Aharonson. Nature usually prefers lower energy states, so why isn’t this the case?

The motion of the Moon is a bit like the motion of a toy train circling around a track with two hills and two valleys. The hills and valleys represent the different energy levels of the orientation of the geophysically asymmetric Moon. Because of friction, the train continues to lose energy until it doesn’t have enough to climb over the hill, thus it settles into one of the valleys – facing Earth or facing away from Earth. The valley “chosen” is governed not by the depth of either valley, but by the height of the hill it had to cross to get there. In other words, when it ran out of steam it could no longer get over the “hill” and settled into the energy valley before that higher hill.

Processed meat, fillet steak and death

I was planning to write an “appraisal” of the Harvard study on meat and risk of death that hit the news today, but have been so busy procrastinating lately that another blog has beaten me to it. Apparently, we should all be eating less meat, particularly processed meat like sausages, bacon and burgers because not eating less will kill us. At least, that’s what the headlines and the tabloid stats seem to imply. 20% increased risk if you eat 3 or 4 beef steaks every week?

Sheesh!

Sounds scary. Better go vegetarian right away, which will be quite hard for anyone who actually does eat steak almost every day, I’d assume…

However, the risk of anyone in the 120,000 cohort studied by the Harvard team, dying in a given year works out at about 0.8%. In other words, on average over the course of the two decades-plus of the study, the risk of someone being “tracked” dying was less than 1 in a 100.

The study reports that meat increases the risk of dying by 20% (15-24%, for processed meat). Take that 0.8% as baseline and add 20% and the risk leaps to a massive 0.96%. So basically, still less than a 1 in a 100 chance of dying in any given year. Even stretching to the upper error bar in the study, the risk increasing by 24% still doesn’t take the risk above 1%.

None of this is to suggest that there aren’t health and environmental benefits to cutting down on one’s meat intake or indeed going wholly vegetarian, because there are. But, the way to convince people is not to spin the statistics in this way, but to hit them where it hurts, not in the heart, but in the wallet. Fillet steak 3-4 times a week? That’s quite a lot of yummy lentil burger equivalents…

Here’s the full skinny on those stats: Unpacking the meat data.

Carbon emissions and reproductive health

Is there a link between carbon emissions in the developing world and reproductive health?

High carbon emissions correlate with poorer reproductive health among women in nine countries of 74 assessed, according to US researchers. Conversely, economic development seems to have no significant association with female reproductive health.

FangHsun Wei and Vijayan Pillai of the University of Texas, in Arlington, explain that women’s reproductive health plays a crucial role in sustaining population health. This, they say, is because as women’s health improves they are more likely to make healthy choices and promote the health and well-being of their children.

The World Health Organization define reproductive health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, reproductive health addresses the reproductive processes, functions and system at all stages of life”. Moreover, the term reproductive health also implies that a person is “able to have a responsible, satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so.”

The researchers have looked at data on reproductive health, economic status and environmental factors for 74 developing nations across the globe in sub-Saharan Africa, The Americas, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, the Middle East, East Asia and the Pacific nations and South Asia. Carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels and cement production are used as a proxy of environmental degradation given that the activities that drive such emissions also generate pollutant issues at a more local level.

The team used statistical regression analysis to look at the effects of various causative factors on selected and well-measured outcomes: reproductive rights (reproductive rights scale), economic development (GNI per capita), social development (improved water source) and environmental development (carbon dioxide emissions) are independent variables, and reproductive health (RRI) is the dependent variable.

“The results of this study have implications for improving the conditions that are conducive to reproductive health of mothers and infants in developing countries,” the team asserts. They point out that the correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and poor reproductive health in the developing world (despite CO2 emissions being far lower per capita than in the US) implies that participation in global initiatives to develop renewable and sustainable energy sources and avoiding the use of fossil fuels will ultimately have beneficial effects on reproductive health as well.

Research Blogging IconFangHsun Wei, & Vijayan K. Pillai (2012). Environmental quality and reproductive health in developing countries Int. J. Sustainable Society, 5 (2), 146-159

The moon hour by hour for 2012

NASA GSFC Scientific Visualization Studio created this animation of the Moon, showing how its phases will wax and wane over the course of 2012. Time resolution is down to the hour. The tipping and rocking are a manifestation of the Moon’s elliptical orbit coupled with its tilt. The video is captioned with more detailed explanations of what you’re seeing. But, just watch, ignore the captions and the music. (Then watch again and read the captions).

Three minutes of exercise really isn’t enough

As promised, here are the thoughts of Soren Brage, an Investigator Scientist in Physical Activity at the MRC Epidemiology Unit in Cambridge on the recent BBC Horizon program featuring Michael Moseley taking part in a TV experiment to see how good high-intensity training (HIT) might be for his health.

“One could point out some obvious feasibility issues on implementing HIT at population level as well as perhaps exposing the issue of [an] n=1 [sample], lack of proper control, millions other things changing at the same time,” he told me and pointed out that such problems did not seem to deter the program makers from coming to “a strong conclusion appropriate for mass consumption issue!”

“In terms of the specifics of the HIT approach, however, it has been known for decades that not all calories are created equal and that high-intensity training (HIT) impacts on glucose transport via induction of GLUT4 (and although labelled as non-responder for VO2max, the show’s host improved his glucose metabolism dramatically),” Brage adds.

He asks, however, whether Moseley was actually a non-responder for fitness? “Well, for absolute VO2max yes but he managed to shift his work-oxygen uptake curve to become a more efficient machine and could produce more physical work at follow-up, hence fitter from that perspective. And did he lose any weight? And would you really train only 3×20 sec all-out to change your VO2max? I think the training literature (from the 90s, if I remember correctly) suggested longer intervals for endurance / VO2max was the optimal approach, so one would need to submit the host to that regime to truly label him as a non-responder – or accept that the definition of responding was just very narrow!”

Brage was also concerned that the discussion of genetics put the emphasis back on the old “blame-your-genes” story. He pointed out that if one was to make a more explicit case of not equating fitness with habitual activity and look at some of The MRC’s recent work (Sheng Xu, Tuomas Kilpelainen, Ruth Loos), then one might be quite encouraged to get up and do more activity, despite one’s genetics and perhaps even because one is a so-called non-responder with the worst possible genetic starting point.

Brage jokes that he allocated only 3 times 20 seconds for his assessment of the BBC Horizon program and so his thoughts are non-referenced and not systematically researched. He points out that perhaps therein lies another drawback of spending only minutes or seconds physical exercise at high intensity rather than running for an hour on Grantchester Meadows or in some other pleasant outdoor environment. “[There is] too little opportunity to let the thoughts fly and reflect on all aspects of life.”

The work Soren mentions has shown that higher levels of physical activity attenuate the affect of obesity associated alleles, highlighting that those at greatest genetic predisposition to obesity may have the most to gain by being more physically active:

Loos et al. PLoS Med, 2010 Aug 31;7(8). pii: e1000332

Loos et al. PLoS Med. 2011 Nov;8(11):e1001116. Epub 2011 Nov 1

Research Blogging IconLi S, Zhao JH, Luan J, Ekelund U, Luben RN, Khaw KT, Wareham NJ, & Loos RJ (2010). Physical activity attenuates the genetic predisposition to obesity in 20,000 men and women from EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study. PLoS medicine, 7 (8) PMID: 20824172